Thesis Writing in Integrated Circuits

Introduction to Integrated Circuits 
 
Integrated circuit is the most important development of the 21st century’s technology. ICs completely changed the electronics world, it compacted the electronics size from a car size to hand size electronics.  In old technology of electronics vacuum tubes were basically used, ICs have less heat dissipation and less energy consumption than vacuum tubes, it is very reliable than vacuum tubes. ICs have transformed the electronics device’s fate research paper writing.

It has bring down the electronics device’s prices; it also transformed the electronics design from the discrete electronic components use to hybrid solid-state devices which combine discrete components with ICs. ICs are so small, connections between them cannot be seen unless with the help of a microscope. ICs are hugely in electronics use and almost in all control systems, an IC consists of interconnected capacitors, transistors, diodes, resistors etc. These IC pins are connected with an external connecting terminals, fabricated in a small package using nanomanufacturing.

Classification of Integrated Circuits

Below is the classification of different types of ICs basis on their chip size.
  • SSI: Small scale integration. 3 – 30 gates per chip.
  • MSI: Medium scale integration. 30 – 300 gates per chip.
  • LSI: Large scale integration. 300 – 3,000 gates per chip.
  • VLSI: Very large scale integration. More than 3,000 gates per chip.

Advantages and Applications of ICs
ICs have advantages over those that are made by interconnecting discrete components some of which are its small size. It is a thousand times smaller than the discrete circuits. It is an all in one (components and the interconnections are on a single silicon chip), It has little weight and its cost of production is also low. It is reliable because there is no soldered joints, ICs consumes little energy and can easily be replaced when the need arises. It can be operated at a very high temperature and different types of ICs are widely applied in our electrical devices such as high power amplifiers, voltage regulators, TV receivers and computers etc.

Limitation for different types of ICs
Despite the advantages that ICs provide us with, it have limitations some of which are:
  • Limited power rating
  • It operates at low voltage
  • High grade of PNP is not possible
  • It produces noise during operation
  • Its components such as resistors and capacitors are voltage dependent
  • It is delicate i.e. it cannot withstand rough handling etc.

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